CACREP core area 2 of 9
Social & Cultural Diversity for the NCE
23 topics, each with a free study summary, a cheat sheet, and a practice question with rationales. New to this area? Start with the Social and cultural diversity for the NCE overview.
Foundations of Multicultural Counseling
- Multicultural & social justice counseling competenciesawareness/knowledge/skills framework, MSJCC extensionsHigh-yield
- Worldview & value orientationsKluckhohn value dimensions, individualism vs. collectivism
- Emic vs. etic perspectivesculture-specific vs. universal approaches to helping
- Acculturationstrategies (integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization), acculturative stressFrequently tested
- Cultural formulation & culture-bound syndromesDSM cultural formulation interview, culture-specific presentations
Identity Development Models
- Cross's Nigrescence modelBlack racial identity stages and counseling implicationsHigh-yield
- Racial/Cultural Identity Development modelSue & Sue's R/CID stages across groupsFrequently tested
- Helms's White racial identity modelstatuses and their counseling implications
- Cass's sexual identity development modelstages from confusion to synthesisHigh-yield
- LGBTQ+ affirmative counselingminority stress model, affirmative practice essentialsFrequently tested
- Multiracial & intersectional identityintersectionality applied to counseling
Power, Privilege & Bias
- Privilege, oppression & marginalizationsystems-level dynamics and clinical relevance
- Microaggressionstypes (microassault, microinsult, microinvalidation), clinical impactFrequently tested
- Implicit bias & color-blind ideologyhow unexamined bias shapes counseling, critique of color-blindness
- Broachinginitiating conversations about race and culture in session
- Stereotype threat & internalized oppressionperformance effects, clinical manifestations
Counseling Specific Populations
- Immigrants & refugeesmigration stressors, documentation fears, trauma considerations
- Religion & spirituality in counselingassessing spiritual life, ethical integration
- Gender-aware & feminist perspectivesgender socialization, egalitarian relationship principles
- Older adultsageism, late-life transitions, cohort effects
- Clients with disabilitiesableism, accommodation, disability-affirmative framing
- Socioeconomic status & classismpoverty's clinical impact, class bias in services
- Indigenous healing & historical traumacollaboration with traditional practices, intergenerational trauma
Study this area with practice that adapts
Practice questions, flashcards, and a spaced-review queue for every topic, plus timed NCE practice exams. Start with a free topic.